Well for CMOS imager

ABSTRACT

A well region of a first conductivity type located in a substrate of the first conductivity type and below about half the channel length of an electrically active portion of a transistor gate is disclosed. The well region is laterally displaced from a charge collection region of a second conductivity type of a pinned photodiode.

CROSS REFERENCE TO OTHER APPLICATIONS

This application is a division of Ser. No. 10/648,378 filed Aug. 27,2003 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,897,082) which claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 60/478,350 filed on Jun. 16, 2003 which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor devices and,in particular, to improved high quantum efficiency imagers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

CMOS imagers are increasingly being used as low cost imaging devices. ACMOS image sensor circuit includes a focal plane array of pixel cells,each one of the cells including a photogate, photoconductor, orphotodiode overlying a charge accumulation region within a substrate foraccumulating photo-generated charge. Each pixel cell may include atransistor for transferring charge from the charge accumulation regionto a sensing node, and a transistor for resetting a sensing node to apredetermined charge level prior to charge transference. The pixel cellmay also include a sourced follower transistor for receiving andamplifying charge from the sensing node and an access transistor forcontrolling the readout of the cell contents from the source followertransistor.

In a CMOS image sensor, the active elements of a pixel cell perform thenecessary functions of: (1) photon to charge conversion; (2)accumulation of image charge; (3) transfer of charge to the sensing nodeaccompanied by charge amplification; (4) resetting the sensing node to aknown state before the transfer of charge to it; (5) selection of apixel for readout; and (6) output and amplification of a signalrepresenting pixel charge from the sensing node. Photo-generated chargemay be amplified when it moves from the initial charge accumulationregion to the sensing node. The charge at the sensing node is typicallyconverted to a pixel output voltage by a source follower outputtransistor.

A schematic top view of a portion of a semiconductor wafer fragmentcontaining one exemplary CMOS pixel cell is shown in FIG. 1. The CMOSpixel cell 10 is a four transistor (4T) cell. The CMOS pixel cell 10generally comprises a charge collection region 21 for collecting chargesgenerated by light incident on the pixel, and a transfer gate 50 fortransferring photoelectric charges from the collection region 21 to asensing node, typically a floating diffusion region 25. The floatingdiffusion region 25 is electrically connected to the gate of an outputsource follower transistor 60. The pixel cell 10 also includes a resettransistor 40 for resetting the floating diffusion region 25 to apredetermined voltage before sensing a signal; a source followertransistor 60 which receives at its gate an electrical signal from thefloating diffusion region 25; and a row select transistor 80 foroutputting a signal from the source follower transistor 60 to an outputterminal in response to an address signal.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic side sectional view of the pixel cell 10 ofFIG. 1 taken along line A–A′. As shown in FIG. 2, the exemplary CMOSpixel cell 10 has a pinned photodiode (PPD) as the charge collectionregion 21. The PPD 21 is termed such since the potential in thephotodiode is pinned to a constant value when the photodiode is fullydepleted. The PPD 21 is adjacent to the gate 50 of a transfertransistor. The PPD 21 has a photosensitive or p-n-p junction regioncomprising a p-type surface layer 24 and an n-type photodiode region 26within a p-type active layer 20.

Generally, in CMOS image sensors such as the CMOS image sensor cell 10of FIGS. 1–2, incident light causes electrons to collect in region 26. Amaximum output signal, which is produced by the source followertransistor having gate 60, is proportional to the number of electrons tobe extracted from the region 26. The maximum output signal increaseswith increased electron capacitance or acceptability of the region 26 toacquire electrons. The electron capacity of pinned photodiodes typicallydepends, among other factors, on the doping level of the image sensorand the dopants implanted into the active layer.

Typically, the p-type layer 24, the n-type region 26 and the floatingdiffusion region 25 are formed within a doped well, for example a p-typewell for NMOS transistors or an n-type well for PMOS transistors,located within substrate 20. This well is typically formed prior to theformation of the transfer gate 50 by implanting dopants of a predefinedconductivity type within the substrate 20. As known in the art, both thelocation and dopant concentration of the well affect critical parametersof CMOS imagers, such as dark current, lag and quantum efficiency. Forexample, if the p-type layer 24, the n-type region 26 and the floatingdiffusion region 25 are all formed within the doped well, then thequantum efficiency of the imager decreases. If, however, the doped wellis masked only in the photodiode region so that the doped well extendsbelow the transfer gate 50 and the floating diffusion region 25, thenthe quantum efficiency is not affected, but the barrier to chargetransfer between the photodiode and the transfer gate is undesirablyincreased. Alternatively, if the doped well is masked totally out ofboth the transfer gate and the photodiode region, then the transfer gateleakage undesirably increases.

Accordingly, there is needed an improved active pixel photosensor foruse in a CMOS imager that exhibits increased barrier control, improvedquantum efficiency and improved leakage. A method of fabricating anactive pixel photosensor exhibiting these improvements is also needed,as well as a method of forming a doped well with optimized barriercontrol.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a well region of a firstconductivity type located below at least a portion of an electricallyactive region of a transistor gate and laterally displaced from a chargecollection region of a second conductivity type of a pinned photodiode.Preferably, the well region of the first conductivity type is locatedbelow about half of the electrically active portion of the transistorgate.

In another aspect, the invention provides a well region of a firstconductivity type which is located within a substrate of the firstconductivity type, but which is totally masked from a photodiode regionof a pixel sensor cell. Preferably, the well region of the firstconductivity type is located below about half the length of theelectrically active portion of a transistor gate and laterally displacedfrom a charge collection region of a second conductivity type of thephotodiode.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of providing animproved charge transfer between a photodiode and a transistor gate,such as a transfer gate of a pixel sensor cell. A transistor gate isformed over a substrate of a first conductivity type. A well region ofthe first conductivity type is formed below at least a portion of anelectrically active region of the transistor gate and, preferably,subsequent to the formation of the transistor gate. In one embodiment,the well region is formed by implanting a dopant of the firstconductivity type in an area of a substrate below about half the channellength of the electrically active portion of the transistor gate to forma doped region of a first dopant concentration. The doped region is alsolaterally displaced from a charge collection region of a secondconductivity type of a pinned photodiode, and having a second dopantconcentration.

In another embodiment, a transistor gate, for example a transfer gate ofa 4T pixel cell, is formed over a substrate of a first conductivitytype. A mask is directly aligned with the transistor gate and patternedso that about half the length of the transistor gate and an active areawhere a photodiode is to be formed are masked. Ion implantation is nextconducted to implant dopants of the first conductivity type below abouthalf the length of the transistor gate and below an isolation regionadjacent the active area, but not under the active area of the substratewhere the photodiode is to be formed, forming a doped well region of thefirst conductivity type. A charge collection region of a secondconductivity type of a photodiode is formed laterally displaced from thewell region of the first conductivity type.

By providing a lateral impurity gradient and a corresponding potentialgradient that favors photogenerated electron movement from the chargecollection region of the photodiode, under the transistor gate, and to afloating diffusion node, potential barriers are less likely to form andmore complete charge transfer and lower voltage operation arefacilitated.

These and other features of the invention will be more apparent from thefollowing detailed description that is provided in connection with theaccompanying drawings and illustrated exemplary embodiments of theinvention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a top plan view of an exemplary CMOS image sensor pixel.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the CMOS image sensorpixel of FIG. 1 taken along line 2–2′.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelillustrating the fabrication of a doped well in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention and at an initial stage ofprocessing.

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensorfragment of FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown inFIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the image sensor pixel of FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a CMOS image sensor pixelof FIG. 3 at a stage of processing subsequent to that shown in FIG. 4and in accordance with a second embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of the image sensor pixel of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a 5T pixel sensor cell according to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a schematic diagram of a computer processor systemincorporating a CMOS image sensor pixel fabricated according to thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown byway of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may bepracticed. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail toenable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is tobe understood that other embodiments may be utilized, and thatstructural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the present invention.

The terms “wafer” and “substrate” are to be understood as asemiconductor-based material including silicon, silicon-on-insulator(SOI) or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technology, doped and undopedsemiconductors, epitaxial layers of silicon supported by a basesemiconductor foundation, and other semiconductor structures.Furthermore, when reference is made to a “wafer” or “substrate” in thefollowing description, previous process steps may have been utilized toform regions or junctions in or over the base semiconductor structure orfoundation. In addition, the semiconductor need not be silicon-based,but could be based on silicon-germanium, silicon-on-insulator,silicon-on-saphire, germanium, or gallium arsenide, among others.

The term “pixel” refers to a picture element unit cell containing aphotosensor and transistors for converting electromagnetic radiation toan electrical signal. For purposes of illustration, a representativepixel is illustrated in the figures and description herein and,typically, fabrication of all pixels in an imager will proceedsimultaneously in a similar fashion.

Referring now to the drawings, where like elements are designated bylike reference numerals, FIGS. 3–11 illustrate a first exemplaryembodiment of a method of forming a four-transistor (4T) pixel sensorcell 100 (FIG. 11) having a pinned photodiode 199 (FIG. 11) laterallydisplaced from a p-type well 120 formed below about half the length ofgate stack 130.

FIG. 3 illustrates a substrate 110 along a cross-sectional view which isthe same view as in FIG. 2. For exemplary purposes, the substrate 110 isa silicon substrate lightly doped with a dopant of a first conductivitytype, which for exemplary purposes is p-type. However, as noted above,the invention has equal application to other semiconductor substratesand to complementary structures. The dopant concentration in the p-typesilicon substrate 110 is within the range of about 1×10¹⁴ to about1×10¹⁶ atoms per cm³, and is preferably within the range of about 5×10¹⁴to about 3×10¹⁵ atoms per cm³.

FIG. 3 also illustrates isolation regions 155 which define a portion ofa pixel. Isolation regions 155 are preferably shallow trench isolation(STI) regions, having a depth of about 1,000 to about 4,000 Angstroms,more preferably of about 2,000 to about 3,500 Angstroms, and a width “W”of about 500 to about 10,000 Angstroms, more preferably of about 1,000to about 8,000 Angstroms. Preferably, isolation regions 155 are formedas trenches which contain a blanket-deposited dielectric material, whichmay be an oxide material, for example a silicon oxide such as SiO orSiO₂, oxynitride, a nitride material such as silicon nitride, siliconcarbide, or other suitable dielectric materials. In a preferredembodiment, the dielectric material is a high density plasma (HDP)oxide, a material which has a high ability to effectively fill narrowtrenches.

Also illustrated in FIG. 3 is a multi-layered transfer gate stack 130formed over the substrate 110. The transfer gate stack 130 comprises afirst gate oxide layer 131 of grown or deposited silicon oxide on thesubstrate 110, a conductive layer 132 of doped polysilicon or otherconductive material, and a second insulating layer 133, which may beformed of, for example, silicon oxide (silicon dioxide), nitride(silicon nitride), oxynitride (silicon oxynitride), ON (oxide-nitride),NO (nitride-oxide), or ONO (oxide-nitride-oxide), or other insulatingmaterials. The first and second insulating layers 131, 133 and theconductive layer 132 may be formed by conventional deposition methods,for example, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or plasma enhanced chemicalvapor deposition (PECVD), among many others. The transfer gate stack 130has a channel length “L” of about 500 Angstroms to about 10,000Angstroms, more preferably of about 2,000 to about 8,000 Angstroms.

If desired, a silicide layer (not shown) may be also formed in themulti-layered gate stack 130, between the conductive layer 132 and thesecond insulating layer 133. Advantageously, the gate structures of allother transistors in the imager circuit design may have thisadditionally formed silicide layer. This silicide layer may be titaniumsilicide, tungsten silicide, cobalt silicide, molybdenum silicide, ortantalum silicide. The silicide layer could also be a barrierlayer/refractory metal such as TiN/W or WN_(x)/W or it could be entirelyformed of WN_(x).

Referring now to FIG. 4, subsequent to the formation of the isolationregions 155 and of the gate stack 130, a first photoresist layer 167 isformed over the structure of FIG. 3 to a thickness of about 1,000Angstroms to about 50,000 Angstroms, more preferably of about 10,000Angstroms to about 45,000 Angstroms. The first photoresist layer 167 ispatterned to obtain two openings: a first opening 168 over an area 101(FIG. 4) of the substrate 110 where a well region will be formed belowat least a portion of transfer gate stack 130; and a second opening 166over the left isolation region 155 of FIG. 4, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

As another example, the transistor immediate adjacent the photodiode ina 3T CMOS imager is the reset gate. Thus, in the case of 3T CMOS pixels,the first photoresist layer is patterned over the reset transistor. Ingeneral, the patterning occurs over the transistor adjacent to thephotodiode.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, the first photoresist layer 167 is patternedso that, on one side of the first opening 168, the photoresist layer 167extends over the gate stack 130 by a distance “D₁” of about 250Angstroms to about 5,000 Angstroms, more preferably of about 1,000Angstroms to about 4,000 Angstroms, which represents about half of thechannel length L of the transfer gate 130. On the other side of theopening 168, the photoresist layer 167 is approximately coincident withthe left side of right isolation region 155 of FIG. 5. Preferably, theopening 166 is smaller than the width W by about 0 to about 6,000Angstroms, more preferably about 300 to about 3,000 Angstroms.

Next, the structure of FIG. 4 is subjected to a first dopantimplantation 169 (FIG. 5) with a dopant of the first conductivity type,which for exemplary purposes is p-type. This way, p-type ions areimplanted through openings 166, 168 and into areas 101, 103 of thesubstrate 110 to form a p-type well region 120, as illustrated in FIG.6. The p-type well region 120 extends below about half the length L ofthe gate stack 130 and is adjacent an active area 102 (FIG. 6) of thesubstrate 110 where a photodiode is to be formed, as will be describedbelow. The p-type well region 120 also extends below the left isolationregion 155 of FIG. 6. The thickness T (FIG. 6) of the p-type well region120, or the depth of the of the p-type well region 120 below the gatestack 130, is about 4,000 Angstroms to about 40,000 Angstroms, morepreferably of about 10,000 Angstroms to about 30,000 Angstroms.

The dopant implantation 169 is conducted to implant p-type ions, such asboron or indium, into areas 101 and 103 of the substrate 110 locatedbelow about half the length L of the gate stack 130 and below the leftisolation region 155, to form the p-type well region 120 (FIG. 6). Theion implantation 169 may be conducted at an energy of 50 keV to about 5MeV, more preferably of about 100 keV to about 2 MeV. The implant dosein the p-type well 120 is within the range of about 5×10¹¹ to about5×10¹³ atoms per cm², and is preferably within the range of about 1×10¹²to about 5×10¹² atoms per cm². If desired, multiple implants may be usedto tailor the profile of the p-type well region 120.

Subsequent to, or before, the formation of the p-type well region 120shown in FIG. 6, a second masked dopant implantation is conducted with adopant of a second conductivity type, which for exemplary purposes isn-type, to implant ions in the area of the substrate directly beneaththe active area 102 of the pixel cell and to form an n-type region 126,as illustrated in FIG. 8. For this, a second photoresist layer 267 isformed over the structure of FIG. 6 and patterned to obtain a thirdopening 268, as shown in FIG. 7. On one side of the opening 268, thesecond photoresist layer 267 is spaced away from the edge of the leftSTI region 155 of FIG. 7. On the other side of the opening 268, thesecond photoresist layer 267 just overlaps the left lateral edge of thegate stack 130.

The implanted n-doped region 126 forms a photosensitive charge storageregion for collecting photogenerated electrons which, on its right side,is laterally displaced from the p-type well 120 by an offset distance“Δ” (FIG. 8) of about 200 Angstroms to about 5,000 Angstroms, morepreferably about 1,000 Angstroms to about 3,000 Angstroms, whichrepresents just less than half of the channel length L of the transfergate 130 (for a transfer gate channel of about 250 Angstroms to about10,000 Angstroms, as noted above).

Ion implantation may be conducted by placing the substrate 110 in an ionimplanter, and implanting appropriate n-type dopant ions into thesubstrate 110 at an energy of 10 keV to 1 MeV, more preferably 40 keV to300 keV, to form the n-doped region 126. N-type dopants such as arsenic,antimony, or phosphorous may be employed. The implant dose of then-doped region 126 (FIG. 8) is within the range of about 5×10¹¹ to about1×10¹³ atoms per cm², and is preferably within the range of about 1×10¹²to about 5×10¹² atoms per cm². If desired, multiple implants may be usedto tailor the profile of the n-doped region 126. The implants formingregion 126 may also be angled implants formed by angling the directionof implants 269 toward the gate stack 130.

Subsequent to the second dopant implantation 269 (FIG. 7), the secondphotoresist layer 267 is removed by conventional techniques, such asoxygen plasma for example. The structure at this point is depicted inFIG. 8.

An insulating layer 135 is next formed over the substrate 110 includingthe p-type well region 120, the STI regions 155, and the gate stack 130,as shown in FIG. 9. The insulating layer 135 may be preferably an oxide,such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, ON, NO,ONO or TEOS, among others. The insulating layer 135 may be formed by anoxidation or a deposition method and to a thickness of about 20Angstroms to about 1,500 Angstroms, more preferably of about 30Angstroms to about 1,000 Angstroms.

Next, a third photoresist layer 367 is formed over the structure of FIG.9 and patterned to obtain a fourth opening 368, as shown in FIG. 10. Onone side of the opening 368, the third photoresist layer 367 overlapsthe left edge of the left STI region 155 of FIG. 10. On the other sideof the opening 368, the third photoresist layer 367 overlaps the gatestack 130.

A third dopant implantation with a dopant of the first conductivitytype, which for exemplary purposes is p-type, is conducted so thatp-type ions are implanted into the area 102 of the substrate over theimplanted n-type region 126 and between the transfer gate 130 and theisolation region 155, to form a p-type surface layer 124 of the nowcompleted photodiode 199 (FIG. 11) formed by regions 124, 110 and 126.N-type floating diffusion region 125 (FIG. 11) may be formed within thep-type well 120 before or after the formation of the structures of thephotodiode 199 by methods known in the art.

After or during the formation of the trench isolation regions 155,p-type well 120 and photodiode regions shown in the embodiments of FIG.11, the remaining devices of the pixel sensor cell 100 including thereset transistor, the source follower transistor and row selecttransistor shown in FIG. 1 as associated with respective gates 40, 60and 80 and source/drain regions on either sides of the gates, are formedby well-known methods. FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of thepixel sensor cell 100 of FIG. 11. Conventional processing steps may bealso employed to form contacts and wiring to connect gate lines andother connections in the pixel cell 100. For example, the entire surfacemay be covered with a passivation layer of, e.g., silicon dioxide, BSG,PSG, or BPSG, which is CMP planarized and etched to provide conductorholes, which are then metallized to provide contacts to the reset gate,transfer gate and other pixel gate structures, as needed. Conventionalmultiple layers of conductors and insulators to other circuit structuresmay also be used to interconnect the structures of the pixel sensorcell.

Although the invention has been described above with reference to atransfer gate of a transfer transistor for use in a four-transistor (4T)pixel cell of a CMOS imager, the invention also applies to CCD imagers.

In addition, although the invention has been described above withreference to a transfer gate of a transfer transistor for use in afour-transistor (4T) pixel cell, the invention also has applicability toa three-transistor (3T) cell or a five-transistor (5T) cell. Forexample, FIGS. 13–14 illustrate a 3T pixel sensor cell 300 comprising ap-type well region 320 formed below about half the length of reset gatestack 230 of a reset transistor. As known in the art, the 3T pixelsensor cell 300 differs from the 4T cell 100 by the omission of thecharge transfer transistor and associated gate 130. The n-region 126 bof photodiode 399 and the Vdd diffusion region 325 are coupled throughthe reset transistor 230. The p-type well region 320 is adjacent anactive area 102 (FIG. 13) of the substrate 110 where photodiode 399 isformed. The p-type well region 320 also extends below the drain region325 formed adjacent the reset gate stack 230 and below both isolationregions 155, as shown in FIG. 13. Region 325 is a more highly dopedregion to enable low contact resistance between the photodiode n-typeregion 126 b to the source follower gate 60 through a contact to the 325diffusion (not shown).

FIG. 15 illustrates a five-transistor (5T) cell 400 comprising a p-typewell region formed below at least a portion of a transfer transistor130, in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The5T cell 400 differs from the 4T cell 100 of FIGS. 11–12 by the additionof a shutter transistor 430 (FIG. 15).

An imager device 640 containing a pixel array having pixels asconstructed above may be coupled to a processor system. A typicalprocessor system, which includes a CMOS image sensor 642 according tothe invention is illustrated in FIG. 16. Without being limiting, such asystem could include a computer system, camera system, scanner, machinevision, vehicle navigation, video phone, and surveillance system, all ofwhich can utilize the present invention.

A processor based system, such as a computer system, for examplegenerally comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 644, for example, amicroprocessor, that communicates with an input/output (I/O) device 646over a bus 652. The CMOS image sensor 642 also communicates with thesystem over bus 652. The computer system 600 also includes random accessmemory (RAM) 648, and, in the case of a computer system may includeperipheral devices such as a floppy disk drive 654, and a compact disk(CD) ROM drive 656 or a flash memory card 657 which also communicatewith CPU 644 over the bus 652. It may also be desirable to integrate theprocessor 654, CMOS image sensor 642 and memory 648 on a single IC chip.

Although the embodiments of the invention have been described withreference to the formation of a p-n-p photodiode, such as the p-n-pphotodiode 199, 399 (FIGS. 11 and 13) and a p-type well region 120, 320formed below at least a portion of an active region of a transistor gatestack, it must be understood that the invention is not limited to thisembodiment. Accordingly, the invention has equal applicability tocomplementary structures employing n-p-n photodiodes and an n-type wellregion 120, 320 formed by the above-described methods. Of course, thedopant and conductivity type of all structures will change accordingly,with the transfer gate corresponding to a PMOS transistor.

Further, although the embodiments of the invention have been describedwith reference to the formation of the p-type well region 120, 320formed subsequent to the formation of gate stack 130, 230 the inventionalso contemplates the formation of the p-type well region 120, 320 priorto the formation of the gate stack 130, 230.

The above description and drawings are only to be consideredillustrative of exemplary embodiments, which achieve the features andadvantages of the invention. Modification and substitutions to specificprocess conditions and structures can be made without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not tobe considered as being limited by the foregoing description anddrawings, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

1. An image sensor pixel cell comprising: a gate stack located over asurface of a substrate of a first conductivity type; an implanted wellregion of said first conductivity type located below at least a portionof said gate stack and extending to only one side of said gate stack;and a photo-conversion device located fully below the surface of saidsubstrate, the photo-conversion device being laterally displaced fromsaid implanted well region on an opposite side of said gate stack fromsaid implanted well region.
 2. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein saidimplanted well region is located below about half the channel length ofsaid gate stack.
 3. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein said implantedwell region is further located below at least a portion of an isolationregion of said pixel.
 4. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein saidimplanted well region has an implant dose of about 5×10¹¹ to about5×10¹³ atoms per cm².
 5. The pixel cell of claim 4, wherein saidimplanted well region has an implant dose of about 1×10¹² to about5×10¹² atoms per cm².
 6. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein saidimplanted well region has a depth below said gate stack of about 4,000to about 40,000 Angstroms.
 7. The pixel cell of claim 6, wherein saidimplanted well region has a depth below said gate stack of about 10,000to about 30,000 Angstroms.
 8. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein saidphoto-conversion device is a photodiode.
 9. The pixel cell of claim 8,wherein said photodiode is a p-n-p photodiode.
 10. The pixel cell ofclaim 8, wherein said photodiode is an n-p-n photodiode.
 11. The pixelcell of claim 1, wherein said first conductivity type is p-type orn-type.
 12. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein said pixel is part of aCMOS imager.
 13. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein said pixel cell is a3T pixel cell.
 14. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein said pixel cell isa 4T pixel cell.
 15. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein said pixel cellis a 5T pixel cell.
 16. The pixel cell of claim 1, wherein said pixelcell is part of a CCD imager.
 17. An image sensor comprising: asubstrate; a transistor transfer gate formed over said substrate; anisolation region formed within said substrate; a p-type implanted welllocated below at least a portion of an active area of said transistortransfer gate and below at least a portion of said isolation region; ap-n photodiode laterally displaced from said p-type implanted well andcomprising a p-type surface layer located within said substrate and ann-type doped layer located adjacent and below said p-type surface layer;and a floating diffusion region provided in said p-type implanted wellto receive charges gated by said transfer gate.
 18. The image sensor ofclaim 17, wherein said p-type implanted well extends to about half thelength of said transistor gate.
 19. The image sensor of claim 17,wherein said p-type implanted well extends below said isolation region.20. The image sensor of claim 17, wherein said image sensor is a CMOSimage sensor.
 21. The image sensor of claim 17, wherein said imagesensor is a CCD sensors.